Journal of Applied Life Sciences and Environment (ALSE) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal on Agricultural, Horticultural and Animal Sciences, Food Sciences, Veterinary Medicine and Environmental Management in the field of Applied Life Sciences, published quarterly online and in print by “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” Iasi University of Life Sciences (IULS).
Latest Articles
Exploring the role of seaweed culture in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere: a nature-based solution for climate change mitigation
Md. Simul Bhuyan, Sayeed Mahmood Belal Haider, Mrityunjoy Kunda, Md. Tarikul Islam, Istiak Ahamed Mojumder, Abid Husain, Enam Chowdhury, Ranjan Roy, Mir Mohammad Ali, Debasish Pandit
ABSTRACT. To keep the world safe from extreme temperature occurrences, global warming must be kept below 1.5C. Seaweed has emerged as a holistic nature-based solution to solve global warming by reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs). This review evaluated the role of seaweed in reducing GHGs. Seaweed can minimise carbon (C) emissions by absorbing them. Lowering ruminant enteric methane (CH4) emissions and producing bioenergy are two more ways seaweed can contribute to global decarbonisation. Atmospheric trace gases like nitrous oxide (N2O) are a factor in global warming. By 2050, 10 million metric tons (MMt) of nitrogen (N) would be absorbed by a seaweed yield of 500 MMt. All macroalgae release the volatile gas bromoform, which contributes to ozone (O3) depletion in the atmosphere. Bromoform is a component of red seaweed’s chemical composition. Large-scale seaweed cultivation can transform the way GHG emissions are managed while also generating new businesses. Furthermore, eutrophic, hypoxic, and acidic coasts can gain other advantages from seaweed cultivation. Although seaweed offsetting is a vital emerging tool for achieving a more sustainable future, it is not the only answer to the problem of climate change. This study demonstrates that seaweed cultivation and related sectors are viable solutions for lowering GHG emissions, achieving monetary growth, and creating sustainable means of subsistence.
Keywords: culture; global warming; greenhouse gases; minimization; seaweed.
Massive ovarian cyst in a guinea pig: surgical insights
Liviu Cătălin Burtan, Ivona Popovici, Alexandra Ciubotariu
ABSTRACT. Ovarian cystic disease is a common condition in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Surgical intervention is considered the definitive treatment, effectively preventing disease recurrence, progression, and complications. A 5-year-old female guinea pig was referred to our clinic with nonspecific signs of lethargy and gastrointestinal disturbances that had emerged over the previous week. Diagnostic imaging identified a large abdominal mass, consistent with a cyst, extending throughout the right hemiabdomen, warranting immediate surgical intervention. Safe removal of the cyst via an ovariectomy procedure was performed with particular attention to the species-specific anatomical and physiological challenges. Managing the adhesions that had formed with the intestinal mass proved to be a complex step, requiring precise dissection to ensure secure and complete removal. Histopathological analysis of the mass revealed a ciliated cuboidal to columnar epithelium lining the cyst cavity, originating from the rete ovarii, indicative of a serous cystadenoma. This study highlights the importance of early detection and emphasises the role of elective spaying in preventing severe complications. It also provides valuable surgical insights for veterinary practitioners by documenting the largest ovarian cyst reported in a guinea pig. The case presents a detailed approach to managing species-specific challenges, with the aim of improving clinical outcomes for these patients.
Keywords: Cavia porcellus; histopathology; large ovarian cystadenoma; surgery.
Effect of feeding selected farm residues on growth performance, digestibility and nitrogen balance of West African dwarf bucks
Joshua Femi Oluwadele, Adeolu Ademiju Aganga, Anthony Henry Ekeocha, Olayinka Miriam Tawose, Adetumbi Tella, Ebenezer Yemi Akinlabi, Dakuna Gode
ABSTRACT. This study investigated the effects of feeding selected farm residues on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen balance of West African dwarf (WAD) bucks. A total of 16 bucks aged 16–18 months and weighing 14.45 ± 0.78 kg were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments: control, cacao pod shells (T1); peanut shells (T2), corn cobs (T3), and mixed residues of cacao pod shells, peanut shells, and corn cobs in equal proportions (T4). This study spanned 92 days, during which feed intake, weight gain, digestibility, and nitrogen utilisation were evaluated. The T2 diet significantly enhanced growth performance, with the highest final weight (19.8 ± 0.20 kg), weight gain (5.30 ± 0.15 kg), and average daily gain (57.6 ± 1.2 g/day). The nutrient intake and digestibility were also highest in the T2 group, with a crude protein intake of 131 g/day and crude protein digestibility of 78.2%. Similarly, nitrogen retention was greatest in T2 bucks (13.7 ± 0.4 g/day), reflecting efficient protein utilisation. The findings suggest that peanut shells are a highly digestible and nutrient-rich feed resource, offering significant advantages over the control and other treatments. By improving growth rates, feed efficiency, and nitrogen balance, peanut shells provide a cost-effective and sustainable solution for smallholder farmers facing feed shortages. These results support the adoption of farm residues as alternative feed resources to enhance the productivity and economic viability of small ruminant farming systems in West Africa.
Keywords: crop residues; nitrogen retention; nutrient digestibility; peanut shells; West African dwarf bucks.
Actual crop coefficients and yield response factors of irrigated tomato in Afaka, Northwest Nigeria
Donatus Obiajulu Onwuegbunam, Muyideen Abubakar Oyebode, Henry Evonameh Igbadun, Habibu Ismail, Isaac John Maisamari
ABSTRACT. In the face of the prevailing challenges of limited water for irrigated agriculture, the knowledge of crop coefficients for use in irrigation, and the yield response to moisture stresses become pertinent for developing strategies to improve agricultural water productivity. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the crop coefficients and yield response factors of UC 82B tomato subjected to soil moisture stresses on growth-stage basis. The irrigation treatments investigated were: a full irrigation (application of 100% ETo), and three soil moisture deficit levels (20%, 40%, 60% ETo) imposed at the vegetative, flowering and maturity growth stages, in successions. The mean crop coefficient (Kc) was highest (0.99) during the mid-season under full irrigation, and lowest (0.47) during the vegetative stage under 60% ETo soil moisture deficit, while the mean value across the entire crop growth stage was 0.88. The yield response factors (Ky) were 1.26 and 1.30 for the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons, respectively. The mean Ky of was 1.28 for the entire growth cycle, implying high sensitivity of the tomato cultivar to water deficits, and that yield reduction is proportionally larger when water used is reduced because of stress. Full irrigation at the maturity stage is recommended.
Keywords: crop coefficients; deficit irrigation; Northwest Nigeria; tomato; yield response.
Morpho-functional adaptations of the tiger skull (Panthera tigris) in relation to forceful biting
Alexandra-Andreea Cherșunaru, Mihaela Claudia Spataru, Constantin Spataru
ABSTRACT. The anatomical peculiarities of the tiger’s skull reflect the ecological and behavioural needs of this predator. The study aims to observe the morphological adaptations that grant it exceptional hunting and survival abilities. The anatomical study was conducted on the skulls of two adult male tigers. The tiger’s skull is wide and rounded, providing a robust base for the attachment of masticatory muscles, which is essential for powerful bites. The sagittal crest, a bony prominence located on the upper part of the skull, serves as an attachment point for the temporal muscles. A distinct process is present on the maxillary tubercle, from which a strong tendon of the masseter muscle originates. The nasal bones are elongated, extending beyond the frontal processes of the maxillae, while the frontal area is elevated in the region of the postorbital processes. The anterior nasal opening is narrow, and the lower margin of the mandible is typically concave, with a prominent mental process. The front part of the mandibular symphysis is concave. Compared to other large felines, tigers have a more rounded skull and a downward-sloping dorsal surface. The tiger’s skull exhibits remarkable morpho-functional adaptations, such as a robust bony head, a prominent sagittal crest, a strong mandible, and well-developed insertions for masticatory muscles. These features are essential for their predatory lifestyle, allowing them to capture and control large prey efficiently.
Keywords: adaptation; mandible; skull; tiger.
Cover story
Ensuring food safety requires effective contaminant monitoring in fruits. This study compares two methods used to measure the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, and Cd in plums from conventional and ecological orchards. Results indicate that microwave-assisted digestion provides greater accuracy and efficiency than conventional methods, reducing contamination risks and improving metal recovery.
Studies conducted at “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences in Iași confirm that the analyzed plums meet international food safety standards set by FAO/WHO. Detected levels were low, with essential metals such as Cu and Zn found in optimal concentrations.
These findings highlight the importance of advanced analytical methods in assessing food quality and safety and contribute to the development of more precise standards for monitoring heavy metals in agricultural production.
Growth and seed yield responses of two soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) varieties to coconut water priming
Paul Kweku Tandoh, Irene Akua Idun, Bridget Yayra Bemanu, Abiboy Kofi Nyagblordzro, Solomon Kwaah, Akosua Damtuah
ABSTRACT. Soybean is an essential legume that is increasingly valued for its nutritious oil and protein contents. Despite the benefits derived from soybean, low seed viability and inconsistent germination are major production setbacks. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of seed priming agents on the growth and yield of two soybean varieties (Favour and Afayak). The research used a 2 × 5 factorial randomised complete block design with three replications. The soybean variety at 2 levels was the first factor (Favour and Afayak), and the second factor involved 5 priming treatments: 4 h of water (20°C), 6 h of water, 4 h of coconut water, 6 h of coconut water, and no priming. Coconut water priming significantly enhanced germination, with the Favour variety achieving the highest rate (75.5%) after 4 h of priming. Water priming for 4 h was most effective in enhancing plant height, stem girth and leaf development in the Afayak variety. Yield was maximised in Afayak primed with coconut water for 6 h (2520 kg/ha), while Favour primed for 4 h produced the highest number of pods (135.5). Regression analysis revealed that the growth parameters and germination percentage accounted for 95% of seed yield variation. The study concludes that coconut water is an effective priming agent, enhancing germination, growth and yield and recommends 4-h coconut water priming for Favour and 6-h priming for Afayak to optimise production.
Keywords: coconut water; germination; seed yield; soybean seed; vegetative growth.
Comparative analysis of digestion methods for quantifying heavy metals in plum orchards
Mariana Rusu, Irina-Gabriela Cara, Manuela Filip, Denis Țopa, Gerard Jităreanu
ABSTRACT. Increasing interest in healthy food among the population raises concerns about heavy metals in fruit and their impact on public health. To assess this issue, this study presents a comparative analysis of digestion methods for quantifying heavy metals in plum orchards managed under conventional and ecological practices in the “Adamachi” Farm district of Iasi University of Life Sciences (IULS). We evaluated and optimised two wet digestion methods – in an open system and microwave-assisted – to determine the concentrations of heavy metals, such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), which pose environmental and health risks. The metal concentrations were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, according to standard methods. Microwave-assisted digestion was more efficient and faster than the conventional method (in an open system). The ecologically managed orchards showed a lower heavy metal content overall, with the exception of Cu levels, due to the Cu-based treatments. By determining the estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI) for both children and adults, the potential health risks from heavy metals were determined. There were no related associated risks to human health (THQ and HI < 1), and the accumulated metals in plum fruit samples showed that the EDI values followed the descending order of Cu > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cd. The analysis revealed non-significant differences for most data obtained after processing using the two methods. These results highlight the importance of selecting the optimal digestion methods for heavy metal analysis in plums and sustainable agricultural practices to safeguard the environment and consumer health from heavy metal contamination.
Keywords: health risk; heavy metals; plum orchard; wet digestion.
Plant diversity at selected dumpsites in Abakaliki: exploring species tolerance and carbon storage functions
Onyinyechi Priscilla Okpara, Okechukwu Idumah Okogwu
ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to determine the species diversity and carbon storage potential of herbaceous plants growing within selected dumpsites in the Abakaliki metropolis. The line transect method was used to collect plants from five study stations: Waterworks (A), Kpirikpiri (B), Newlayout (C), FETHA (D) and Presco (E). At each study station, a 15 m×30 m area was measured using tape and demarcated with pegs and ropes. The identified species were collected, the biomass, species frequency, density, dominance, diversity and carbon uptake were measured. The diversity indices evaluated showed that active dump station A was the most diverse and evenly distributed site (Shannon–Weiner diversity index: A=2.43, B=1.09, C=1.16, D=1.14, E=0.99, Pileou’s evenness index, A=1.53, B=0.70, C=0.68, D=0.66, E=0.69). Additionally, at station D, Simpson’s dominance (A=0.27, B=0.32, C=0.24, D=0.43, E=0.10) and Magalef (species richness) indices (A=1.7, B=4.07, C=3.75, D=4.20, E=3.38) were the highest. The herbaceous Ghomphrena celeisoides had the highest relative dominance, relative frequency and important value index across the studied stations. Analysis of variance of the carbon uptake potentials of species showed significant values for abandoned dump stations C (Newlayout) and D (FETHA) when p<0.05. Therefore, total sequestered carbon in stations C (F=15.97, p<0.001) and D (F=8.33, p<0.001) and sequestered carbon dioxide equivalent at stations C (F=15.96, p<0.001) and D (F=43.68, p<0.001) were significant at 95％ confidence level. The results indicate that species at dormant waste disposal sites sequester significant amounts of carbon; therefore, they are recommended for the phytoremediation of disturbed or destroyed ecosystems. Keywords: carbon uptake; density; diversity; relative frequency.
Health risk assessment of lead in dairy products from various environments in Egypt
Mahmoud Abou Donia, Assem Abou-Arab, Ali Enb
ABSTRACT. Milk and dairy products are nutritious foods that are beneficial to human health at all life stages and provide essential nutrients required by the body. However, despite their importance, these products are susceptible to contamination by toxic environmental pollutants, such as lead (Pb), originating from surrounding environmental sources. This study aimed to evaluate the potential health risks associated with Pb exposure in adults and children through the consumption of contaminated milk and dairy products from various locations in Egypt using estimated daily intake, target hazard quotient, and excess cancer risk metrics. The data indicated that the daily intake (DI) of Pb in the raw milk samples ranged from 131.6 to 557.9 µg in industrial areas, 107.7 to 456.6 µg in traffic areas, and 35.8 to 151.7 µg in rural areas. In contrast, the DI of Pb in sterilised milk ranged from 19.3 to 82.0 µg in industrial areas, 17.9 to 75.7 µg in traffic areas, and 16.0 to 67.8 µg in rural areas. For processed cheese, values ranging from 2.0 to 2.4, 2.5 to 2.9, and 2.4 to 2.8 µg were found across these areas, respectively. The mean DI values of Pb were 70.1, 59.7, and 11.5 µg for Domiati cheese samples and 112.2, 103.7, and 481.6 µg for Ras cheese from industrial, traffic, and rural areas, respectively. The measured health risk indices showed no significant risks associated with the consumption of the dairy products examined, except for raw milk, particularly when consumed in large quantities from industrial and traffic areas. Purchasing raw milk from contaminated industrial or traffic zones should be avoided to limit its consumption, particularly for children.
Keywords: dairy products; lead; risk assessment.
Winter wheat yield depending on different soil tillage systems in short-term crop rotations under Black Sea region conditions
Svitlana Pochkolina, Alexander Melnyk, Inna Kohut, Viacheslav Rudenko, Serhiy Vlasenko
ABSTRACT. A crop rotation system with optimal placement and saturation of leading agricultural crops can improve the environmental conditions of the surrounding environment and increase the agricultural efficiency. Therefore, solving this task is relevant both scientifically and practically, especially in the current conditions of deteriorating environmental conditions in Ukraine. The development of environmentally safe technologies for the competitive production of high-quality crop products in the Black Sea Steppe. The primary method was fieldwork, supplemented by analytical studies, measurements, calculations, and observations according to generally accepted methodologies and guidelines in agriculture and crop production. This study focused on crop rotation systems and primary soil tillage systems. This study examined the impact of different primary soil tillage systems on the yield of winter wheat and oats in a short-rotation system. For the 1st and 4th crops, the most favourable conditions for winter wheat yield formation were observed when it was planted after black fallow and green manure fallow with winter vetch. In these cases, almost identical grain yields were recorded, averaging 3.98 and 4.08 t/ha for the 1st crop and 3.29 and 3.16 t/ha for the 4th crop. The differences in yield were not significant. For the 2nd crop, when comparing yield with the control (black fallow), an increase in yield was observed in the background of green manure fallow with winter vetch. The increase of 6.9% was statistically significant. The no-till system of primary soil cultivation provided the best conditions for the formation of winter wheat grain yield in the 1st, 2nd, and 4th crops, with increases of 10.4, 6.9, and 5.4%, respectively, compared to conventional tillage. In the experimental variants, for the 1st and 4th crops, green manure fallow with winter vetch affected winter wheat yield, almost at the level of black fallow. For the 2nd crop, green manure fallow with winter vetch showed a clear advantage. Across all winter wheat crops, a positive impact on yield formation was observed with the no-till system. This system resulted in the highest yield compared to other soil tillage systems.
Keywords: black fallow; green manure fallow; oats; soil tillage systems.
Investigating the potential use of plant-based compounds as environmentally friendly management strategies for controlling root knot nematodes in cabbage crops
Halimat Shola Baba, Oluropo Ayotunde Apalowo
ABSTRACT. Vegetables are infected by root knot nematodes, especially Meloidogyne incognita, which results in both quantitative and qualitative losses. This study’s objective was to assess the effectiveness of plant extracts from Senna alata and Tamarindus indica in controlling cabbage-infecting root knot nematodes. The experiment was carried out to determine the effect of aqueous and powdered extracts of T. indica and S. alata on the control of root knot nematodes in two cabbage varieties. The test plants underwent phytochemical screening. Data were gathered on plant height, shoot weight, root weight, yield and soil nematode populations. All numerical data were subjected to analysis of variance using the GENSTAT statistical programme. Treating F1 Majesty and F1 Minotaur with powdered T. indica extract resulted in a significantly better (p>0.05) growth and yield (62.77 cm and 53.77 cm) than the other treatments. Significant variations were found between the shoot, root and yield weights of treated plants and their control counterparts. The positive control had the highest number of galled roots in both varieties (6.25 and 8.27). The treated plants performed much better than the control plants. The experiment also revealed some compounds, such as hexadecanoic, butyric and octadecadienoic acid. Based on this study’s findings, it is advisable to make use of these botanicals (T. indica and S. alata) on root knot-infested farms, as they are cheap, available and eco-friendly alternatives to chemical nematicides, which are expensive and not environmentally friendly.
Keywords: infecting; phytochemical; screening; significant; varieties.
Listeria monocytogenes in dairy products occurrence, monitoring and surveillance
Cristina Ștefania Afloarei, Amelia Buculei, Ancuța Chetrariu, Adriana Dabija
Cross-contamination with foodborne microorganisms is a challenge at every stage of food preparation. Listeria monocytogenes poses serious and persistent problems for the food industry because of its ability to withstand a broad range of temperatures and pH levels and thrive under high salt concentrations. These factors significantly increase the risks to consumers. Although Listeria is uncommon in the general population, the bacterium is frequently isolated from food and environmental sources. The prevalence of systemic listeriosis is notably higher among vulnerable groups, such as the elderly, pregnant women, and individuals with weakened immune systems. Among the species within the Listeria genus, L. monocytogenes is the most significant in food contexts because of its capacity for proliferation and its adaptability to changing environments. Advancements in detection technologies have enabled the identification of more outbreaks with fewer cases per incident. To monitor and validate the efficacy of control measures, robust environmental monitoring programmes are essential. These programmes include establishing protocols for sampling and detection, determining sampling frequency, selecting sampling zones, and implementing corrective actions. This study aims to review the specialist literature on the management, surveillance, and prevalence of L. monocytogenes in dairy products.
Keywords: food safety; health priority; microbial contamination; risk assessment.
Serum protein and glucose of cocks fed CrPic diets with or without vitamin C at high ambient temperature
Francis Bosede Adebayo
ABSTRACT. This study assessed the effect of chromium picolinate (CrPic) and vitamin C (Vit C) on the serum proteins and glucose of two breeds of cocks. A total of 192 sexually mature cocks, 24 weeks old, consisting of 96 Noiler cocks (NC) and 96 White Leghorn cocks (WLC), were utilised in the study. The two breeds were allocated to 8 treatments and reproduced four times, with six cocks per replication, in a 2 × 2 x 4 factorial design. A total of 8 experimental diets were constituted with four diets containing CrPic at 0.00, 0.40, 0.80 and 1.20 mg CrPic/kg without Vit C and another four diets containing CrPic at 0.00, 0.40, 0.80 and 1.20 mg CrPic/kg with Vit C inclusion at 200 mg/kg diet in each of the treatments for 16 weeks. The data collected were subjected to a 2 × 2 x 4 factorial arrangement using SAS (version 9.2). The serum proteins studied included total protein (TP) (g/dl), albumin (ALB) (g/dl), and globulin (GLB) (g/dl). Supplementation of CrPic significantly (p<0.05) enhanced serum proteins up to 0.8 mg/kg diet. However, a 1.2 mg/kg diet significantly reduced serum protein concentrations. Serum glucose was not significantly (p>0.05) different among cocks fed varied CrPic supplements compared to the control diet. The immunostimulant activity of vitamin C at a 200 mg/kg diet increased serum protein and decreased glucose levels compared to the control. Notably, interactions between 0.8 mg/kg CrPic and 200 mg/kg vitamin C revealed breed-specific effects: It increased serum protein in both breeds, decreased serum glucose in White Leghorns, but increased it in Noilers. This suggests a differential effect of the CrPic and vitamin C combination on glucose regulation in these breeds. This study therefore suggests that a 0.8 mg CrPic/kg diet with Vit C has the potential to significantly increase serum protein and enhance insulin sensitivity in cocks raised at high ambient temperatures.
Keywords: chromium picolinate; glucose; protein; serum; vitamin C.
Herbicide use in Nigeria: a review of its effects on human, animal and environmental health
Goodness O. Oyetunji, Emmanuel A. Olagunju, Oluwakemi O. Ajayi, Gabriel O. Adesina
ABSTRACT. Herbicides are a class of pesticide compounds with a specific role in weed control. Most herbicides have a positive effect on crop production; however, they are also harmful to the environment, animals, and humans when misused. The aims of this study were to identify commonly used herbicides in Nigeria, examine the effects of herbicides from the perspective of One Health (i.e., the health of humans, animals, and the environment), and increase public awareness of the negative impact of herbicide misuse on human, animal, and environmental health in Nigeria. We conducted a systematic literature search for this study using Google Scholar, the Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE), Research Gate, and PubMed, focusing on research studies conducted in Nigeria. In total, 192 articles were included in this review. Atrazine, glyphosate, metolachlor, paraquat, and 2,4-D are the most commonly used herbicides in Nigeria. According to reports, some of these chemicals inhibit plant photosynthesis and disrupt the female luteinising hormone surge, which disrupts ovulation. Moreover, these chemicals can lead to negative outcomes, such as headaches, oxidative stress, and pollution. Only 1.0, 9.4, and 16.1% of the studies examined the impact of herbicides on human, animal, and environmental health, respectively. Similarly, only 11 studies (5.7%) investigated bioherbicide development in Nigeria, and only 2.6% tested for herbicide residues in crops. Nigeria desperately needs public education regarding the use of herbicides. One health intervention is urgently needed.
Keywords: herbicides; one health; public health; weeds.
The Effect of Diversified Crop Rotations on Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics in a Clayey Tropical Soil
Chinelo Jennifer Nwaiwu, Beata Emoke Madari, Marcia Thais De Melo Carvalho, Priscila Silva Matos, Akudo Ogechukwu Onunwa, Chike O. Madueke, Emmanuel Chinweike Nnabuihe, Maduabuchi Johnbosco Okafor, Tochukwu Victor Nwosu
ABSTRACT. This study assessed the impact of crop diversification within no-till crop rotations on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks, as well as on labile (Carbon and Nitrogen in the particulate organic matter) and persistent (Carbon and Nitrogen in the mineral-associated organic matter) Organic matter fractions. The objective was to identify practical indicators for monitoring public policies promoting low carbon emission agriculture. Field experiment was conducted in 2014/2015 cropping season using a complete random block design. Seven treatments were evaluated: soybean/cotton (CONTROL); maize/soybean (M/Sb); soybean/maize+brachiaria (Sb/M+Br); soybean/millet+brachiaria/crotalaria spectabiliscotton (Sb/Mt+Br/CrsCt); soybean/cotton/common beans/millet+ brachiaria (Sb/Ct/Cb/Mt+Br); millet-cotton/ soybean/maize/crotalaria spectabilis (Mt-Ct/Sb/M/Crs); crotalaria-cotton/soybean/ sorghum+brachiaria/crotalaria ochroleuca+ brachiaria (Cr-Ct/Sb/Sg+Br/Cro+Br). Sampling was done in May 2020 on an Oxisol in a neotropical savanna of the Central West region of Brazil (Capivara Experimental Research Farm of Embrapa Rice and Beans, Santo Antônio de Goiás, Goiás State, Brazil). Treatment comparisons were made after correction for equivalent soil mass per soil layer. The C-POM, N-POM, C-MAOM, and N-MAOM fractions were obtained through granulometric physical fractionation. Total SOC and SOC stocks were inadequate indicators of the impact of crop rotations on SOC. However, the distribution of C and N among the soil organic matter (SOM) fractions (C-POM, N-POM, C-MAOM, and N-MAOM) was influenced by crop rotations. Rotations with greater crop diversity, including gramineae, had higher concentration of C and N in the particulate SOC (C-POM and N-POM). Differences in rotation composition also affected the C to N ratio, particularly in the POM fraction, which was higher in rotations involving brachiaria grass and maize. Most diversified rotations contributed to maintaining higher C-POM stocks.
Keywords: carbon and nitrogen stocks; crop rotation; mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM); Oxisol; particulate organic matter (POM); zero-tillage.
Cover Story
Erythrina lysistemon, commonly known as the South African coral tree, is an ornamental species valued for its ecological, agricultural, and medicinal benefits. However, its seeds often exhibit physical dormancy due to an impermeable seed coat, preventing germination even under favorable conditions. This study evaluates the effectiveness of two primary methods – mechanical scarification and soaking treatments- on freshly collected seeds and those stored for 12 months.
The findings reveal that mechanical scarification significantly improves germination rates, reducing the time required for seedlings to emerge. While soaking treatments also enhanced germination in some cases, they often resulted in high seed mortality. Notably, seeds stored for 12 months exhibited lower germination rates and delayed sprouting under all treatments, with soaking proving ineffective in overcoming dormancy.
These insights highlight the importance of selecting appropriate techniques for seed propagation, particularly for reforestation and ecological restoration initiatives. Mechanical scarification stands out as the most effective method for breaking dormancy and ensuring successful establishment of E. lysistemon seedlings.
Efficiency of Different Methods in Breaking the Dormancy of Erythrina lysistemon Hutch. Seeds
Sami Mohammed Salih, Ahmed Amrajaa Abdulrraziq
ABSTRACT. Erythrina lysistemon seeds imported to Libya go through a stage of being unable to germinate; we call this phase “dormancy”. The present study evaluated the efficiency of the following methods in breaking the dormancy of newly collected Erythrina lysistemon seeds from mature pods and stored for 12 months: untreated seeds (control), mechanical scarification with sandpaper, soaking treatments (tap water for 24 h, hydrochloric acid for 60 min, hydrogen peroxide for 48 h, acetone for 72 h, Clorox cleaner for 72 h, cow dung and chicken manure for 24 h, and hot water at 100° C for 30 min), scarification with soaking (distilled water for 24 h, and cow dung and chicken manure for 12 h). All treatments showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the germination rates of newly collected E. lysistemon seeds from mature pods, except for the treatment in which seeds were soaked in tap water for 48 h, which was ineffective. The different scarification treatments were more efficient than the other treatments, recording the highest germination percentages and lowest mean germination times, while the soaking treatments led to high seed mortality. In contrast, seeds stored for 12 months showed a significant decrease in germination percentage with a delayed mean germination time compared to newly collected seeds under all tested treatments. Soaking all treatments was ineffective in breaking the dormancy of E. lysatetemon seeds stored for 12 months. The results indicate that E. lysistemon seeds have physical dormancy that can be overcome using different scarification.
Keywords: mature seed; mechanical scarification; physical dormancy; stored seed.
Evaluation of In Vitro Protocols for Effective Regeneration of West African Theobroma cocoa (L)
Bardee Wrojay Potter Jr., Bismark Anokye, Esther E. Uchendu
ABSTRACT. Cacao is a perennial tree crop from the Malvaceae family. It is made up of twenty-one species, with Theobroma cacao as the commonest and one of the most economically important crops globally. West Africa is the largest region of producers. Lack of availability of planting materials all year round has been a major factor besetting cocoa production in West Africa and has led to a drastic reduction in production in the last decade. Establishing an efficient in vitro protocol for germinating zygotic embryos of local West African cocoa varieties offers a solution to expedite large-scale planting material production to enhance cocoa sustainable production and material availability. An effective in vitro protocol for germinating zygotic embryos of local West African cocoa varieties will help produce large planting materials within the shortest possible time and promote sustainable supply, which could boost cocoa production within the region and increase the availability of planting materials. Four West African local varieties of Theobroma cacao were cultured in three explant types on both Driver and Kuniyaki Walnut (DKW) basal salts and Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture media without growth regulators for twenty days. The three explant types included seeds with mucilage (SWM), seeds without mucilage (SWtM) and embryo axis (EA). The cultured explants were kept in a growth room of light intensity with a temperature of 25 ℃ ±1, relative humidity of 85% and the three explant types responded differently. Germination responses significantly varied among the explant types. SWtM sprouted earlier with more than 160 plantlets before day 5, followed by EA with 150 plantlets before day 5, while SWM showed the lowest mean germination percentage of 8% compared to SWtM and EA with 9% Early sprouting was observed in the DKW medium with almost 250 (34.72%) plantlets development before day five compared to the MS medium with less than 150 (20.83%) plantlets development, but the MS medium produces the optimal growth performance with the best mean germination time of 0.08 per day, final germination percentage of 71.39%, and development of the growth parameters leading to the development of plantlets, including 2.60 for number of leaves. This study shows that the media for in vitro culture and the source of explants significantly influence seed germination and produce dissimilar effects on the germination of zygotic embryos of Theobroma cacao varieties. The study recommends using SWtM on DKW medium for early sprouting of seeds of Theobroma cacao followed by a transfer into MS medium for seedling development into plants.
Keywords: DKW; explants types; germination; in vitro; media types; MS; Theobroma cacao.
Genetic Assessment of Yield Traits and Heterosis in Maize Testcrosses under Different Soil Nitrogen Conditions
Folusho Anuoluwapo Bankole, Olawale Serifdeen Aboderin
ABSTRACT. Yield trials demand significant time and resources, necessitating efficient data collection on parental lines to optimise breeding programs and reduce costs. This study assessed the correlation between parental traits and hybrid performance, consistency, and predictability of trait expression in F1 hybrids and the heterotic advantage of agronomic traits. A total of 82 parental lines (79 lines and 3 testers) and 237 testcrosses were evaluated alongside 3 standard checks under low- and optimum-soil nitrogen (N) conditions at the Institute for Agricultural Research experimental fields in Zaria and Mokwa during the 2019/20 and 2020/21 growing seasons. Significant genetic variability was observed among parental lines and testcrosses, offering strategic breeding opportunities. Grain yield reductions under low-N conditions (35–95% in inbreds and 1.3–89% in hybrids) highlighted the impact of N stress and the need for N tolerance in maize genotypes. Correlation analysis and repeatability results linked yield improvement in low-N tolerant maize hybrids to the selection of parental lines with superior performance in traits, such as grain yield, stay-green characteristics, and flowering traits. Parental lines P69 and P14, which showed high tolerance to low N and consistent high yields, were identified as valuable genetic resources. Among the hybrids, P65×T2, P66×T3, and P66×T2 stood out, with grain yields exceeding 6000 kg/ha, representing a 42% yield advantage over the best check. These hybrids also demonstrated a high heterotic advantage over their parents and standard checks, indicating their potential for adoption as commercial hybrids in Nigeria.
Keywords: biplot; heterosis; line × tester analysis; maize testcrosses; nitrogen stress; trait correlation.
Sources of Information Used by the Farmers in the Nineveh Plains
Shawkat A. M’Sadeq, Hojeen M. Abdullah, Nabaz I. Mohammed, Fathi A. Omer, Nashwan S. Mizzouri, Amanda J. Dickson, Peter M. Hirst, Mark A. Russell
ABSTRACT. The study examined the different agriculture information channels utilized by farmers in the Nineveh Plains. A total of 308 of information sources were classified based on districts, minority groups, and age categories. A comprehensive questionnaire was prepared and covered several channels, including experienced farmers, farmer groups, extension offices, NGOs, radio, TV, newspapers, and libraries. The results of this study showed that Experienced farmers were the most dependable agriculture information source for farmers in Al-Hamdaniya, Bashiqa, and Telkaif. In Al Hamdaniya, 77.4% considered experienced farmers trustworthy, while in Bashiqa and Telkaif, percentages were 74.7% and 66.3%, respectively. Farmers from various minorities, including Turkmen (79.4%), Shabak (75.3%), Christian, Kaki (74.1%), and Yazidi (69.1%), identified experienced farmers as the predominant and trusted information source. farmers’ groups, and NGOs as source of information were significantly differed among minorities. The majority of kaki farmers (59.3%) depended on the Farmers’ group as source of information. However, 48% of Christian farmers (48.3%) received agriculture information from NGOs. Based on age categories, high percentage of interviewed farmer considered radio, TV, newspapers, libraries, extension offices, farmer groups, and NGOs as not dependable information sources. Instead, more than 68% of famers from all age group considered experienced farmers as the primary and trusted source of information.
Keywords: field crops; information sources; livestock; Nineveh Plains; vegetables; water resources.
Predictive Air Pollution Assessment Using Matrix Algebra And GIS/GPS in Aguleri Anambra State
Leonard Chukwuemeka Anyika, Chidi Obi
ABSTRACT. This study assessed the air pollution loads of sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM10) from Aguleri in Anambra State of Nigeria using matrix algebra and the geographical information system (GIS)/global positioning system (GPS) attachment to MATLAB. The pollutant values of SO2 and NO2 were obtained using the Crowcon Gas Monitor Model CE 89/336/EEC, while the PM10 values were obtained with the Crowcon Particulate Monitor Model No.1000 with the serial number 298621. The pollution characteristics of the study area were simulated using the polynomial expression yi = k + k1x1 + k2x2 + k3x3 +… knxn.. The predictive parameter constants, k, were determined with the solution to the simultaneous equations arising from the polynomial expressions using matrix algebra. MATLAB 7.9 curve fitting software was used to produce associated model equations from the fitted curves for the variations of SO2, NO2 and PM10 as a function of locations in Aguleri for both rainy and dry seasons. The evaluation of pollution models used for the study showed that constants from the fitted curves do not closely match constants from ab initio calculations. The corresponding coordinates in both GIS/GPS contour and surface plots revealed a pollution distribution concentration of 50% in Aguleri. The results revealed that the stations in Aguleri had a satisfactory air pollution index rating. This study serves as an improvement to air quality studies and a veritable tool for air quality management and policymaking.
Keywords: air pollutants; particulate matter; polynomial equations; seasons; software.
Latest Articles
Cover story
Ensuring food safety requires effective contaminant monitoring in fruits. This study compares two methods used to measure the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, and Cd in plums from conventional and ecological orchards. Results indicate that microwave-assisted digestion provides greater accuracy and efficiency than conventional methods, reducing contamination risks and improving metal recovery.
Studies conducted at “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences in Iași confirm that the analyzed plums meet international food safety standards set by FAO/WHO. Detected levels were low, with essential metals such as Cu and Zn found in optimal concentrations.
These findings highlight the importance of advanced analytical methods in assessing food quality and safety and contribute to the development of more precise standards for monitoring heavy metals in agricultural production.
Growth and seed yield responses of two soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) varieties to coconut water priming
Paul Kweku Tandoh, Irene Akua Idun, Bridget Yayra Bemanu, Abiboy Kofi Nyagblordzro, Solomon Kwaah, Akosua Damtuah
ABSTRACT. Soybean is an essential legume that is increasingly valued for its nutritious oil and protein contents. Despite the benefits derived from soybean, low seed viability and inconsistent germination are major production setbacks. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of seed priming agents on the growth and yield of two soybean varieties (Favour and Afayak). The research used a 2 × 5 factorial randomised complete block design with three replications. The soybean variety at 2 levels was the first factor (Favour and Afayak), and the second factor involved 5 priming treatments: 4 h of water (20°C), 6 h of water, 4 h of coconut water, 6 h of coconut water, and no priming. Coconut water priming significantly enhanced germination, with the Favour variety achieving the highest rate (75.5%) after 4 h of priming. Water priming for 4 h was most effective in enhancing plant height, stem girth and leaf development in the Afayak variety. Yield was maximised in Afayak primed with coconut water for 6 h (2520 kg/ha), while Favour primed for 4 h produced the highest number of pods (135.5). Regression analysis revealed that the growth parameters and germination percentage accounted for 95% of seed yield variation. The study concludes that coconut water is an effective priming agent, enhancing germination, growth and yield and recommends 4-h coconut water priming for Favour and 6-h priming for Afayak to optimise production.
Keywords: coconut water; germination; seed yield; soybean seed; vegetative growth.
Comparative analysis of digestion methods for quantifying heavy metals in plum orchards
Mariana Rusu, Irina-Gabriela Cara, Manuela Filip, Denis Țopa, Gerard Jităreanu
ABSTRACT. Increasing interest in healthy food among the population raises concerns about heavy metals in fruit and their impact on public health. To assess this issue, this study presents a comparative analysis of digestion methods for quantifying heavy metals in plum orchards managed under conventional and ecological practices in the “Adamachi” Farm district of Iasi University of Life Sciences (IULS). We evaluated and optimised two wet digestion methods – in an open system and microwave-assisted – to determine the concentrations of heavy metals, such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), which pose environmental and health risks. The metal concentrations were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, according to standard methods. Microwave-assisted digestion was more efficient and faster than the conventional method (in an open system). The ecologically managed orchards showed a lower heavy metal content overall, with the exception of Cu levels, due to the Cu-based treatments. By determining the estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI) for both children and adults, the potential health risks from heavy metals were determined. There were no related associated risks to human health (THQ and HI < 1), and the accumulated metals in plum fruit samples showed that the EDI values followed the descending order of Cu > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cd. The analysis revealed non-significant differences for most data obtained after processing using the two methods. These results highlight the importance of selecting the optimal digestion methods for heavy metal analysis in plums and sustainable agricultural practices to safeguard the environment and consumer health from heavy metal contamination.
Keywords: health risk; heavy metals; plum orchard; wet digestion.
Plant diversity at selected dumpsites in Abakaliki: exploring species tolerance and carbon storage functions
Onyinyechi Priscilla Okpara, Okechukwu Idumah Okogwu
ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to determine the species diversity and carbon storage potential of herbaceous plants growing within selected dumpsites in the Abakaliki metropolis. The line transect method was used to collect plants from five study stations: Waterworks (A), Kpirikpiri (B), Newlayout (C), FETHA (D) and Presco (E). At each study station, a 15 m×30 m area was measured using tape and demarcated with pegs and ropes. The identified species were collected, the biomass, species frequency, density, dominance, diversity and carbon uptake were measured. The diversity indices evaluated showed that active dump station A was the most diverse and evenly distributed site (Shannon–Weiner diversity index: A=2.43, B=1.09, C=1.16, D=1.14, E=0.99, Pileou’s evenness index, A=1.53, B=0.70, C=0.68, D=0.66, E=0.69). Additionally, at station D, Simpson’s dominance (A=0.27, B=0.32, C=0.24, D=0.43, E=0.10) and Magalef (species richness) indices (A=1.7, B=4.07, C=3.75, D=4.20, E=3.38) were the highest. The herbaceous Ghomphrena celeisoides had the highest relative dominance, relative frequency and important value index across the studied stations. Analysis of variance of the carbon uptake potentials of species showed significant values for abandoned dump stations C (Newlayout) and D (FETHA) when p<0.05. Therefore, total sequestered carbon in stations C (F=15.97, p<0.001) and D (F=8.33, p<0.001) and sequestered carbon dioxide equivalent at stations C (F=15.96, p<0.001) and D (F=43.68, p<0.001) were significant at 95％ confidence level. The results indicate that species at dormant waste disposal sites sequester significant amounts of carbon; therefore, they are recommended for the phytoremediation of disturbed or destroyed ecosystems. Keywords: carbon uptake; density; diversity; relative frequency.
Health risk assessment of lead in dairy products from various environments in Egypt
Mahmoud Abou Donia, Assem Abou-Arab, Ali Enb
ABSTRACT. Milk and dairy products are nutritious foods that are beneficial to human health at all life stages and provide essential nutrients required by the body. However, despite their importance, these products are susceptible to contamination by toxic environmental pollutants, such as lead (Pb), originating from surrounding environmental sources. This study aimed to evaluate the potential health risks associated with Pb exposure in adults and children through the consumption of contaminated milk and dairy products from various locations in Egypt using estimated daily intake, target hazard quotient, and excess cancer risk metrics. The data indicated that the daily intake (DI) of Pb in the raw milk samples ranged from 131.6 to 557.9 µg in industrial areas, 107.7 to 456.6 µg in traffic areas, and 35.8 to 151.7 µg in rural areas. In contrast, the DI of Pb in sterilised milk ranged from 19.3 to 82.0 µg in industrial areas, 17.9 to 75.7 µg in traffic areas, and 16.0 to 67.8 µg in rural areas. For processed cheese, values ranging from 2.0 to 2.4, 2.5 to 2.9, and 2.4 to 2.8 µg were found across these areas, respectively. The mean DI values of Pb were 70.1, 59.7, and 11.5 µg for Domiati cheese samples and 112.2, 103.7, and 481.6 µg for Ras cheese from industrial, traffic, and rural areas, respectively. The measured health risk indices showed no significant risks associated with the consumption of the dairy products examined, except for raw milk, particularly when consumed in large quantities from industrial and traffic areas. Purchasing raw milk from contaminated industrial or traffic zones should be avoided to limit its consumption, particularly for children.
Keywords: dairy products; lead; risk assessment.
Winter wheat yield depending on different soil tillage systems in short-term crop rotations under Black Sea region conditions
Svitlana Pochkolina, Alexander Melnyk, Inna Kohut, Viacheslav Rudenko, Serhiy Vlasenko
ABSTRACT. A crop rotation system with optimal placement and saturation of leading agricultural crops can improve the environmental conditions of the surrounding environment and increase the agricultural efficiency. Therefore, solving this task is relevant both scientifically and practically, especially in the current conditions of deteriorating environmental conditions in Ukraine. The development of environmentally safe technologies for the competitive production of high-quality crop products in the Black Sea Steppe. The primary method was fieldwork, supplemented by analytical studies, measurements, calculations, and observations according to generally accepted methodologies and guidelines in agriculture and crop production. This study focused on crop rotation systems and primary soil tillage systems. This study examined the impact of different primary soil tillage systems on the yield of winter wheat and oats in a short-rotation system. For the 1st and 4th crops, the most favourable conditions for winter wheat yield formation were observed when it was planted after black fallow and green manure fallow with winter vetch. In these cases, almost identical grain yields were recorded, averaging 3.98 and 4.08 t/ha for the 1st crop and 3.29 and 3.16 t/ha for the 4th crop. The differences in yield were not significant. For the 2nd crop, when comparing yield with the control (black fallow), an increase in yield was observed in the background of green manure fallow with winter vetch. The increase of 6.9% was statistically significant. The no-till system of primary soil cultivation provided the best conditions for the formation of winter wheat grain yield in the 1st, 2nd, and 4th crops, with increases of 10.4, 6.9, and 5.4%, respectively, compared to conventional tillage. In the experimental variants, for the 1st and 4th crops, green manure fallow with winter vetch affected winter wheat yield, almost at the level of black fallow. For the 2nd crop, green manure fallow with winter vetch showed a clear advantage. Across all winter wheat crops, a positive impact on yield formation was observed with the no-till system. This system resulted in the highest yield compared to other soil tillage systems.
Keywords: black fallow; green manure fallow; oats; soil tillage systems.
Investigating the potential use of plant-based compounds as environmentally friendly management strategies for controlling root knot nematodes in cabbage crops
Halimat Shola Baba, Oluropo Ayotunde Apalowo
ABSTRACT. Vegetables are infected by root knot nematodes, especially Meloidogyne incognita, which results in both quantitative and qualitative losses. This study’s objective was to assess the effectiveness of plant extracts from Senna alata and Tamarindus indica in controlling cabbage-infecting root knot nematodes. The experiment was carried out to determine the effect of aqueous and powdered extracts of T. indica and S. alata on the control of root knot nematodes in two cabbage varieties. The test plants underwent phytochemical screening. Data were gathered on plant height, shoot weight, root weight, yield and soil nematode populations. All numerical data were subjected to analysis of variance using the GENSTAT statistical programme. Treating F1 Majesty and F1 Minotaur with powdered T. indica extract resulted in a significantly better (p>0.05) growth and yield (62.77 cm and 53.77 cm) than the other treatments. Significant variations were found between the shoot, root and yield weights of treated plants and their control counterparts. The positive control had the highest number of galled roots in both varieties (6.25 and 8.27). The treated plants performed much better than the control plants. The experiment also revealed some compounds, such as hexadecanoic, butyric and octadecadienoic acid. Based on this study’s findings, it is advisable to make use of these botanicals (T. indica and S. alata) on root knot-infested farms, as they are cheap, available and eco-friendly alternatives to chemical nematicides, which are expensive and not environmentally friendly.
Keywords: infecting; phytochemical; screening; significant; varieties.
Listeria monocytogenes in dairy products occurrence, monitoring and surveillance
Cristina Ștefania Afloarei, Amelia Buculei, Ancuța Chetrariu, Adriana Dabija
Cross-contamination with foodborne microorganisms is a challenge at every stage of food preparation. Listeria monocytogenes poses serious and persistent problems for the food industry because of its ability to withstand a broad range of temperatures and pH levels and thrive under high salt concentrations. These factors significantly increase the risks to consumers. Although Listeria is uncommon in the general population, the bacterium is frequently isolated from food and environmental sources. The prevalence of systemic listeriosis is notably higher among vulnerable groups, such as the elderly, pregnant women, and individuals with weakened immune systems. Among the species within the Listeria genus, L. monocytogenes is the most significant in food contexts because of its capacity for proliferation and its adaptability to changing environments. Advancements in detection technologies have enabled the identification of more outbreaks with fewer cases per incident. To monitor and validate the efficacy of control measures, robust environmental monitoring programmes are essential. These programmes include establishing protocols for sampling and detection, determining sampling frequency, selecting sampling zones, and implementing corrective actions. This study aims to review the specialist literature on the management, surveillance, and prevalence of L. monocytogenes in dairy products.
Keywords: food safety; health priority; microbial contamination; risk assessment.
Serum protein and glucose of cocks fed CrPic diets with or without vitamin C at high ambient temperature
Francis Bosede Adebayo
ABSTRACT. This study assessed the effect of chromium picolinate (CrPic) and vitamin C (Vit C) on the serum proteins and glucose of two breeds of cocks. A total of 192 sexually mature cocks, 24 weeks old, consisting of 96 Noiler cocks (NC) and 96 White Leghorn cocks (WLC), were utilised in the study. The two breeds were allocated to 8 treatments and reproduced four times, with six cocks per replication, in a 2 × 2 x 4 factorial design. A total of 8 experimental diets were constituted with four diets containing CrPic at 0.00, 0.40, 0.80 and 1.20 mg CrPic/kg without Vit C and another four diets containing CrPic at 0.00, 0.40, 0.80 and 1.20 mg CrPic/kg with Vit C inclusion at 200 mg/kg diet in each of the treatments for 16 weeks. The data collected were subjected to a 2 × 2 x 4 factorial arrangement using SAS (version 9.2). The serum proteins studied included total protein (TP) (g/dl), albumin (ALB) (g/dl), and globulin (GLB) (g/dl). Supplementation of CrPic significantly (p<0.05) enhanced serum proteins up to 0.8 mg/kg diet. However, a 1.2 mg/kg diet significantly reduced serum protein concentrations. Serum glucose was not significantly (p>0.05) different among cocks fed varied CrPic supplements compared to the control diet. The immunostimulant activity of vitamin C at a 200 mg/kg diet increased serum protein and decreased glucose levels compared to the control. Notably, interactions between 0.8 mg/kg CrPic and 200 mg/kg vitamin C revealed breed-specific effects: It increased serum protein in both breeds, decreased serum glucose in White Leghorns, but increased it in Noilers. This suggests a differential effect of the CrPic and vitamin C combination on glucose regulation in these breeds. This study therefore suggests that a 0.8 mg CrPic/kg diet with Vit C has the potential to significantly increase serum protein and enhance insulin sensitivity in cocks raised at high ambient temperatures.
Keywords: chromium picolinate; glucose; protein; serum; vitamin C.
Herbicide use in Nigeria: a review of its effects on human, animal and environmental health
Goodness O. Oyetunji, Emmanuel A. Olagunju, Oluwakemi O. Ajayi, Gabriel O. Adesina
ABSTRACT. Herbicides are a class of pesticide compounds with a specific role in weed control. Most herbicides have a positive effect on crop production; however, they are also harmful to the environment, animals, and humans when misused. The aims of this study were to identify commonly used herbicides in Nigeria, examine the effects of herbicides from the perspective of One Health (i.e., the health of humans, animals, and the environment), and increase public awareness of the negative impact of herbicide misuse on human, animal, and environmental health in Nigeria. We conducted a systematic literature search for this study using Google Scholar, the Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE), Research Gate, and PubMed, focusing on research studies conducted in Nigeria. In total, 192 articles were included in this review. Atrazine, glyphosate, metolachlor, paraquat, and 2,4-D are the most commonly used herbicides in Nigeria. According to reports, some of these chemicals inhibit plant photosynthesis and disrupt the female luteinising hormone surge, which disrupts ovulation. Moreover, these chemicals can lead to negative outcomes, such as headaches, oxidative stress, and pollution. Only 1.0, 9.4, and 16.1% of the studies examined the impact of herbicides on human, animal, and environmental health, respectively. Similarly, only 11 studies (5.7%) investigated bioherbicide development in Nigeria, and only 2.6% tested for herbicide residues in crops. Nigeria desperately needs public education regarding the use of herbicides. One health intervention is urgently needed.
Keywords: herbicides; one health; public health; weeds.
The Effect of Diversified Crop Rotations on Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics in a Clayey Tropical Soil
Chinelo Jennifer Nwaiwu, Beata Emoke Madari, Marcia Thais De Melo Carvalho, Priscila Silva Matos, Akudo Ogechukwu Onunwa, Chike O. Madueke, Emmanuel Chinweike Nnabuihe, Maduabuchi Johnbosco Okafor, Tochukwu Victor Nwosu
ABSTRACT. This study assessed the impact of crop diversification within no-till crop rotations on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks, as well as on labile (Carbon and Nitrogen in the particulate organic matter) and persistent (Carbon and Nitrogen in the mineral-associated organic matter) Organic matter fractions. The objective was to identify practical indicators for monitoring public policies promoting low carbon emission agriculture. Field experiment was conducted in 2014/2015 cropping season using a complete random block design. Seven treatments were evaluated: soybean/cotton (CONTROL); maize/soybean (M/Sb); soybean/maize+brachiaria (Sb/M+Br); soybean/millet+brachiaria/crotalaria spectabiliscotton (Sb/Mt+Br/CrsCt); soybean/cotton/common beans/millet+ brachiaria (Sb/Ct/Cb/Mt+Br); millet-cotton/ soybean/maize/crotalaria spectabilis (Mt-Ct/Sb/M/Crs); crotalaria-cotton/soybean/ sorghum+brachiaria/crotalaria ochroleuca+ brachiaria (Cr-Ct/Sb/Sg+Br/Cro+Br). Sampling was done in May 2020 on an Oxisol in a neotropical savanna of the Central West region of Brazil (Capivara Experimental Research Farm of Embrapa Rice and Beans, Santo Antônio de Goiás, Goiás State, Brazil). Treatment comparisons were made after correction for equivalent soil mass per soil layer. The C-POM, N-POM, C-MAOM, and N-MAOM fractions were obtained through granulometric physical fractionation. Total SOC and SOC stocks were inadequate indicators of the impact of crop rotations on SOC. However, the distribution of C and N among the soil organic matter (SOM) fractions (C-POM, N-POM, C-MAOM, and N-MAOM) was influenced by crop rotations. Rotations with greater crop diversity, including gramineae, had higher concentration of C and N in the particulate SOC (C-POM and N-POM). Differences in rotation composition also affected the C to N ratio, particularly in the POM fraction, which was higher in rotations involving brachiaria grass and maize. Most diversified rotations contributed to maintaining higher C-POM stocks.
Keywords: carbon and nitrogen stocks; crop rotation; mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM); Oxisol; particulate organic matter (POM); zero-tillage.
Cover Story
Erythrina lysistemon, commonly known as the South African coral tree, is an ornamental species valued for its ecological, agricultural, and medicinal benefits. However, its seeds often exhibit physical dormancy due to an impermeable seed coat, preventing germination even under favorable conditions. This study evaluates the effectiveness of two primary methods – mechanical scarification and soaking treatments- on freshly collected seeds and those stored for 12 months.
The findings reveal that mechanical scarification significantly improves germination rates, reducing the time required for seedlings to emerge. While soaking treatments also enhanced germination in some cases, they often resulted in high seed mortality. Notably, seeds stored for 12 months exhibited lower germination rates and delayed sprouting under all treatments, with soaking proving ineffective in overcoming dormancy.
These insights highlight the importance of selecting appropriate techniques for seed propagation, particularly for reforestation and ecological restoration initiatives. Mechanical scarification stands out as the most effective method for breaking dormancy and ensuring successful establishment of E. lysistemon seedlings.
Efficiency of Different Methods in Breaking the Dormancy of Erythrina lysistemon Hutch. Seeds
Sami Mohammed Salih, Ahmed Amrajaa Abdulrraziq
ABSTRACT. Erythrina lysistemon seeds imported to Libya go through a stage of being unable to germinate; we call this phase “dormancy”. The present study evaluated the efficiency of the following methods in breaking the dormancy of newly collected Erythrina lysistemon seeds from mature pods and stored for 12 months: untreated seeds (control), mechanical scarification with sandpaper, soaking treatments (tap water for 24 h, hydrochloric acid for 60 min, hydrogen peroxide for 48 h, acetone for 72 h, Clorox cleaner for 72 h, cow dung and chicken manure for 24 h, and hot water at 100° C for 30 min), scarification with soaking (distilled water for 24 h, and cow dung and chicken manure for 12 h). All treatments showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the germination rates of newly collected E. lysistemon seeds from mature pods, except for the treatment in which seeds were soaked in tap water for 48 h, which was ineffective. The different scarification treatments were more efficient than the other treatments, recording the highest germination percentages and lowest mean germination times, while the soaking treatments led to high seed mortality. In contrast, seeds stored for 12 months showed a significant decrease in germination percentage with a delayed mean germination time compared to newly collected seeds under all tested treatments. Soaking all treatments was ineffective in breaking the dormancy of E. lysatetemon seeds stored for 12 months. The results indicate that E. lysistemon seeds have physical dormancy that can be overcome using different scarification.
Keywords: mature seed; mechanical scarification; physical dormancy; stored seed.
Evaluation of In Vitro Protocols for Effective Regeneration of West African Theobroma cocoa (L)
Bardee Wrojay Potter Jr., Bismark Anokye, Esther E. Uchendu
ABSTRACT. Cacao is a perennial tree crop from the Malvaceae family. It is made up of twenty-one species, with Theobroma cacao as the commonest and one of the most economically important crops globally. West Africa is the largest region of producers. Lack of availability of planting materials all year round has been a major factor besetting cocoa production in West Africa and has led to a drastic reduction in production in the last decade. Establishing an efficient in vitro protocol for germinating zygotic embryos of local West African cocoa varieties offers a solution to expedite large-scale planting material production to enhance cocoa sustainable production and material availability. An effective in vitro protocol for germinating zygotic embryos of local West African cocoa varieties will help produce large planting materials within the shortest possible time and promote sustainable supply, which could boost cocoa production within the region and increase the availability of planting materials. Four West African local varieties of Theobroma cacao were cultured in three explant types on both Driver and Kuniyaki Walnut (DKW) basal salts and Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture media without growth regulators for twenty days. The three explant types included seeds with mucilage (SWM), seeds without mucilage (SWtM) and embryo axis (EA). The cultured explants were kept in a growth room of light intensity with a temperature of 25 ℃ ±1, relative humidity of 85% and the three explant types responded differently. Germination responses significantly varied among the explant types. SWtM sprouted earlier with more than 160 plantlets before day 5, followed by EA with 150 plantlets before day 5, while SWM showed the lowest mean germination percentage of 8% compared to SWtM and EA with 9% Early sprouting was observed in the DKW medium with almost 250 (34.72%) plantlets development before day five compared to the MS medium with less than 150 (20.83%) plantlets development, but the MS medium produces the optimal growth performance with the best mean germination time of 0.08 per day, final germination percentage of 71.39%, and development of the growth parameters leading to the development of plantlets, including 2.60 for number of leaves. This study shows that the media for in vitro culture and the source of explants significantly influence seed germination and produce dissimilar effects on the germination of zygotic embryos of Theobroma cacao varieties. The study recommends using SWtM on DKW medium for early sprouting of seeds of Theobroma cacao followed by a transfer into MS medium for seedling development into plants.
Keywords: DKW; explants types; germination; in vitro; media types; MS; Theobroma cacao.
Genetic Assessment of Yield Traits and Heterosis in Maize Testcrosses under Different Soil Nitrogen Conditions
Folusho Anuoluwapo Bankole, Olawale Serifdeen Aboderin
ABSTRACT. Yield trials demand significant time and resources, necessitating efficient data collection on parental lines to optimise breeding programs and reduce costs. This study assessed the correlation between parental traits and hybrid performance, consistency, and predictability of trait expression in F1 hybrids and the heterotic advantage of agronomic traits. A total of 82 parental lines (79 lines and 3 testers) and 237 testcrosses were evaluated alongside 3 standard checks under low- and optimum-soil nitrogen (N) conditions at the Institute for Agricultural Research experimental fields in Zaria and Mokwa during the 2019/20 and 2020/21 growing seasons. Significant genetic variability was observed among parental lines and testcrosses, offering strategic breeding opportunities. Grain yield reductions under low-N conditions (35–95% in inbreds and 1.3–89% in hybrids) highlighted the impact of N stress and the need for N tolerance in maize genotypes. Correlation analysis and repeatability results linked yield improvement in low-N tolerant maize hybrids to the selection of parental lines with superior performance in traits, such as grain yield, stay-green characteristics, and flowering traits. Parental lines P69 and P14, which showed high tolerance to low N and consistent high yields, were identified as valuable genetic resources. Among the hybrids, P65×T2, P66×T3, and P66×T2 stood out, with grain yields exceeding 6000 kg/ha, representing a 42% yield advantage over the best check. These hybrids also demonstrated a high heterotic advantage over their parents and standard checks, indicating their potential for adoption as commercial hybrids in Nigeria.
Keywords: biplot; heterosis; line × tester analysis; maize testcrosses; nitrogen stress; trait correlation.
Sources of Information Used by the Farmers in the Nineveh Plains
Shawkat A. M’Sadeq, Hojeen M. Abdullah, Nabaz I. Mohammed, Fathi A. Omer, Nashwan S. Mizzouri, Amanda J. Dickson, Peter M. Hirst, Mark A. Russell
ABSTRACT. The study examined the different agriculture information channels utilized by farmers in the Nineveh Plains. A total of 308 of information sources were classified based on districts, minority groups, and age categories. A comprehensive questionnaire was prepared and covered several channels, including experienced farmers, farmer groups, extension offices, NGOs, radio, TV, newspapers, and libraries. The results of this study showed that Experienced farmers were the most dependable agriculture information source for farmers in Al-Hamdaniya, Bashiqa, and Telkaif. In Al Hamdaniya, 77.4% considered experienced farmers trustworthy, while in Bashiqa and Telkaif, percentages were 74.7% and 66.3%, respectively. Farmers from various minorities, including Turkmen (79.4%), Shabak (75.3%), Christian, Kaki (74.1%), and Yazidi (69.1%), identified experienced farmers as the predominant and trusted information source. farmers’ groups, and NGOs as source of information were significantly differed among minorities. The majority of kaki farmers (59.3%) depended on the Farmers’ group as source of information. However, 48% of Christian farmers (48.3%) received agriculture information from NGOs. Based on age categories, high percentage of interviewed farmer considered radio, TV, newspapers, libraries, extension offices, farmer groups, and NGOs as not dependable information sources. Instead, more than 68% of famers from all age group considered experienced farmers as the primary and trusted source of information.
Keywords: field crops; information sources; livestock; Nineveh Plains; vegetables; water resources.
Predictive Air Pollution Assessment Using Matrix Algebra And GIS/GPS in Aguleri Anambra State
Leonard Chukwuemeka Anyika, Chidi Obi
ABSTRACT. This study assessed the air pollution loads of sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM10) from Aguleri in Anambra State of Nigeria using matrix algebra and the geographical information system (GIS)/global positioning system (GPS) attachment to MATLAB. The pollutant values of SO2 and NO2 were obtained using the Crowcon Gas Monitor Model CE 89/336/EEC, while the PM10 values were obtained with the Crowcon Particulate Monitor Model No.1000 with the serial number 298621. The pollution characteristics of the study area were simulated using the polynomial expression yi = k + k1x1 + k2x2 + k3x3 +… knxn.. The predictive parameter constants, k, were determined with the solution to the simultaneous equations arising from the polynomial expressions using matrix algebra. MATLAB 7.9 curve fitting software was used to produce associated model equations from the fitted curves for the variations of SO2, NO2 and PM10 as a function of locations in Aguleri for both rainy and dry seasons. The evaluation of pollution models used for the study showed that constants from the fitted curves do not closely match constants from ab initio calculations. The corresponding coordinates in both GIS/GPS contour and surface plots revealed a pollution distribution concentration of 50% in Aguleri. The results revealed that the stations in Aguleri had a satisfactory air pollution index rating. This study serves as an improvement to air quality studies and a veritable tool for air quality management and policymaking.
Keywords: air pollutants; particulate matter; polynomial equations; seasons; software.
Sound and Silence: A Comparative Study of Noise Pollution in Shimla’s Residential and Commercial Sectors, Himachal Pradesh, India
Hritik Thakur, Pawan K. Attri
ABSTRACT. Noise pollution is a growing global issue, impacting both developed and developing countries, including India. Shimla, a historically significant city and a popular hill station in Himachal Pradesh, is experiencing increasing noise pollution due to its expanding population, more vehicles, congested roads, and tourists. This study evaluates noise pollution in Shimla’s commercial and residential areas, comparing current levels with Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) standards and proposing mitigation measures. Noise was measured using a Metravi (SL-4010) sound level meter, with readings taken every three minutes for three hours in the morning, at noon, and in the evening. The equivalent continuous noise level (Leq) was calculated and compared to standards. Measurements were conducted in March and April 2024 at 15 locations. Additionally, a survey of 100 people assessed the causes and effects of noise pollution. Results showed that the Leq dB(A) values ranged from 76.87 dB(A) at Boileauganj Chowk to 84.97 dB(A) at the Old Bus Stand in commercial areas. In residential areas, Khalini Chowk recorded the highest Leq of 80.56 dB(A), while Mall Road had the lowest at 76.87 dB(A). Vehicles were identified as the primary noise source by 75% of respondents. In the survey, 51.67% of respondents reported irritation due to high noise levels, and 38.33% experienced headaches, highlighting the adverse effects on residents’ well-being and health. All locations exceeded CPCB standards for noise levels. The study recommends measures to reduce noise pollution in Shimla and suggests further comprehensive noise pollution studies in Himachal Pradesh.
Keywords: commercial area; noise pollution; residential area; shimla.
Assessing the Impact of Agricultural Practices on Environmental Sustainability in Nigeria
Bright Oluwatomilola Olunusi
ABSTRACT. This study investigates environmental sustainability and growth trends in Nigeria over a 30-year period (1991–2020), focusing on key indicators such as agriculture value added, forest area, employment in agriculture, employment in industry, and renewable energy consumption. Time series analysis reveals a linear increase in deforested land and agricultural expansion, alongside a decline in agricultural employment, which stabilised around 2013. Employment in the industry showed a dip until 2011, then increased steadily. Gender-disaggregated data highlights a notable disparity in agricultural employment, with significantly more males engaged compared to females. Using regression analysis with leaps, autoregressive distributed lag models, and Granger causality tests, the study identifies strong associations between deforested land and predictor variables such as agricultural land percentage, employment in industry, and renewable energy consumption. The results show that these variables significantly predict deforestation. Interestingly, a significant negative association was found between employment in agriculture and deforestation, although causality tests indicated no significant causation, suggesting a nuanced relationship influenced by factors like land-use conflicts and climate change. These findings highlight the nexus between socio-economic factors and environmental outcomes, emphasising the need for targeted policies to address deforestation, promote sustainable land management, and reduce gender disparities in agriculture. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to foster sustainable development and inclusive economic growth in Nigeria and across Africa.
Keywords: agricultural land-use change; deforestation; economic development; environmental sustainability; renewable energy; time series analysis.
Morphological and Physiological Responses of Maize to Varying Nitrogen Sources and Stress Levels in Hydroponic Systems: a Comparative Study
S.M. Abidur Rahman, Billal Hossain Momen, Rashedur Rahman Tanvir, Bitopi Biswas, Mosammat Nilufar Yasmin, Tariful Alam Khan, M. Robiul Islam
ABSTRACT. A hydroponic experiment was conducted at the Precision and Automated Agriculture Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and Agricultural Extension, University of Rajshahi, from April to August 2023. The objective was to investigate the morphological and physiological responses of maize to varying nitrogen sources and stress levels in hydroponic systems. The experiment comprised three nitrogen treatments: CN (100% chemical nitrogen as 2 mM NH4NO3), ON (100% organic nitrogen as 4 mM glycine), and LN (low nitrogen as 10% of 2 mM NH4NO3 chemical nitrogen solution). The popular maize variety NH7720 (marketed by Syngenta Bangladesh Limited) was used. The experiments followed a completely randomised design with three replications. The CN treatment consistently outperformed the ON and LN treatments in various growth-related parameters, including plant height (72.73 cm), leaf area (295.54 cm²), shoot dry weight (0.65 g/plant), total chlorophyll content (3.11 mg/g), and shoot (11.06%) and root (10.82%) protein content, indicating that adequate nitrogen treatment stimulated strong growth and development in maize plants. Conversely, the LN treatment exhibited a superior shoot-to-root ratio (85.43%), proline accumulation (188.01 µg/g), number of root tips (21.25), root length (31.65 cm), root network area (619.10 cm²), root diameter (5.63 mm), root volume (13944.71 mm³), and root surface area (3705.51 mm²). These results suggest that under nitrogen-deficient conditions, maize plants allocate resources to root development and stress tolerance mechanisms. The organic nitrogen (ON) treatment showed intermediate results, being statistically similar to both the CN and LN treatments across a range of characteristics, suggesting that organic nitrogen or glycine might be less effective than chemical nitrogen or ammonium nitrate in promoting optimal maize growth.
Keywords: hydroponic experiment; maize; morphological adaptation; nitrogen stress; physiological adaptation.
Yield and Quality Characteristics of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Cultivars by Different Sowing Dates
Mehmet Necat İZGİ, Abdullah ÇİL, Ayşe Nuran ÇİL
ABSTRACT. A field trial was initiated to ascertain the optimal sowing date for five distinct sunflower cultivars in Turkey’s Mardin Province. The trial scrutinised various parameters including plant height, head diameter, seed yield, protein content, oil content and oil yield. The first sowing produced the highest seed yields (3484 kg ha−1), with the Şems (3255 kg ha−1) and Zuhat (3157 kg ha−1) cultivars producing the highest values. The highest overall oil content was achieved in the second sowing (31.7%) and in the Zuhat cultivar (34.6%). The highest mean oil yields were observed in the Zuhat cultivar (1096 kg ha−1) and in the first sowing (1084 kg ha−1). There was a general decrease in yield as the sowing date was delayed. Winter sowing is suggested for the Zuhat cultivar. If possible, the second sunflower crop should be sown shortly following the harvest of the main crop.
Keywords: cultivar; oil content; protein content; sunflower; sowing date; yield.
Protein Content Stability of Triticale Genotypes Under Multiple Environments Using AMMI Analysis
Enver Kendal
ABSTRACT. Triticale is an important source of protein in animal nutrition, both as grain and silage. Protein is a quality criterion that is strongly affected by the environment and genetic factors. The objectives of this study were to assess genotype–environment (G-E) interactions and determine and compare stable genotypes to recommend for further evaluation. The protein content of 12 genotypes obtained from 7 environments were evaluated using additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis in the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 growing seasons in 4 locations in Turkey. The variance of AMMI analysis based on protein content showed a significant effect of environment, genotype and G–E interaction, with a 93.0, 2.3 and 4.5% total variation, respectively. Partitioning of the total sum of squares showed that the effect of environment was a predominant source of variation, followed by the G–E interaction and genotype effect. AMMI analysis showed that the first principal component was highly significant at P < 0.01. The mean grain protein content varied from 14.9 to 16.2% among the genotypes and from 10.9 to 18.8% among the environments. AMMI analysis indicated that G3, G12 and G1 were quite promising genotypes. G8, which was used as a variety candidate in this research, was quite stable but had a low protein value. In addition, G3, G11 and G12 had a higher protein content than the standard varieties evaluated in this research. G3 had both a high protein content and stable genotype; therefore, it can be recommended to release as a candidate. As AMMI analysis indicated, E1 and E7 environments were especially suitable for protein studies in triticale, while E4, E5 and E6 showed poor results and were not suitable environments.
Keywords: AMMI; location; protein content; triticale.
